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So, What About Offshore Wind Farms?

We are headlong into the new world of wind power. Not so new if you consider that Hero of Alexandria (20 AD-70 AD) invented a windmill that pumped a bellows attached to a pipe organ. (And he invented the first vending machine – it dispensed holy water). The first windmill to provide electricity was built in 1887 by a Scottish inventor, James Blyth, to power his home.

Reading the various maritime newsletters and commentary about the future fuels that will be used in the industry, I’m reminded of the old joke framework where a subject is laid out like an announcer calling a horse race.

We are like tenant farmers chopping down the fence around our house for fuel when we should be using Nature’s inexhaustible sources of energy – sun, wind and tide. … I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.”
Thomas A. Edison

The interest today is in offshore wind farms. This article will be a primer to help us better understand some parts of this growing industry. One thing I’ve learned, wind farms have a lot of parts, both fixed and moving.

The first offshore wind farm was built off the coast of Denmark in 1991. It was made up of eleven 450 KW wind generators and was shut down in 2017 after 26 years of operation.

The first offshore farm in the United States was built offshore of Block Island in 2016. It has five 6 MW turbines for a total output of 30 MW.

Here is an idea of the growth in offshore wind farms as of 2020: For wind farms of over 200 MW total capacity, there are 60 in operation – 40 of them are in the North Sea/UK region and 11 off the coasts of China.

Now under construction, of over 400 MW total capacity, there are 13 – seven around the UK and five off the coasts of China and Taiwan. Proposed are 16 – ten for the UK, three in Asia and two offshore United States.

It isn’t just about how many farms there are, but also how large the farms are and are becoming. For example, at the end of 2020, China’s reported total capacity, on and offshore, was 281,990 MW, the entire EU region was 201,507 MW, and the U.S. was 117,744 MW. Offshore capacity alone was 344 GW.

In nature, wind is a form of solar energy. Heating and cooling of the earth’s surface creates winds. Approximately 2% of solar energy becomes kinetic, i.e., wind energy. To go beyond that, something called Betz’s Law states that only 59% of wind can be converted to energy, then there is additional loss of efficiency due to the machinery creating rotation and generating electricity.

If you would like to work out your own numbers all you need for Maximum Power Co-efficient (Cp) are such things as air density (p) rotor swept area (S), rotor diameter (D) and wind speed (V) cubed. And look up Betz’s Law. As a sailor, I do understand resistance as the square of wind speed.

And it is not exactly “wind energy” that powers the streetlights. Wind strikes the blades which are on a shaft, the shaft turns a rotor inside a generator, which in turn produces the electricity that eventually get to those streetlights.

Nothing to it. Unless you want to do it efficiently. So one has to throw in a few more pieces like the shaft being the slow speed shaft which runs to a gear box then via a high speed shaft to the rotor in the generator.

But you start with wind. At sea there is nothing to block the wind. However, close to the water surface there will be drag and air turbulence from waves. The higher you go the clearer and stronger the wind, so the taller the tower the better the wind. Offshore tower heights are currently in the range of 200 to 300 feet. Since larger blades will catch more wind, the taller the tower, the longer you can make the blades; however, the bigger they get the heavier they will be, so you lose efficiency. The blades must be made out of special lightweight but very strong materials.

The wind farms we see are generally of the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine type (HAWT). This means that the shaft that turns the rotor in the generator is horizontal and the blades are vertical. These vertical blades are mounted on a pivoting cap called a nacelle, so when the wind blows the blades will self-align with the wind, but downwind of the tower. With this design the tower itself partially blocks the wind before it gets to the blades and creates turbulence; therefore, loss of efficiency.

If we want the blades in the “clean” air in front of the tower there must be something like a vane that works with the nacelle and would catch the wind and align the blades at right angles to the wind (yaw control). Only, with these heavy blades and machinery, it would take a gale to swing the weighty machinery into the right alignment. Part of the job of the yaw system is to mechanically keep the rotors at the most efficient angle to the wind. There are some varied opinions on the most efficient wind speed, but it generally seems to be that power can be efficiently produced with winds between 8 to 55 mph (13 to 90 kph). To protect the machinery when the winds are too strong, the towers are fitted with a computerized braking mechanism for the blades.

While the above description was to describe why offshore units are like they are, it is also to point out their complexity.

An offshore 300-foot tower takes an enormous foundation. And it takes some amazing marine equipment to lay the foundation or secure points for future floaters, erect the towers, install the rotors and turbine, and deliver and attach the blades. New generation blades weigh over 20 tons and must be lifted and attached at a point over 250’ above the sea surface. Also realize that those blades spinning at 10 to 20 RPM are in effect a giant gyroscope acting on the tower. The blades themselves twist as they spin between being in a horizontal and vertical position. The entire system has near constant vibration and cyclic stresses.

The bottom line is there are many reasons why they are so expensive.

Let us also add that individual tower spacing is a big factor in creating an efficient offshore wind farm. To avoid inter-tower turbulence and reduced efficiency, the towers must have wide spacing. One source says spacing should be 6 to 10 rotor diameters apart. The higher kilowatt units offshore may require greater spacing, but the wider the spacing the higher the cost of the subsea connections and delivery infrastructure such as substations. The longer the cable runs the greater the loss of deliverable electricity.

One more fun fact: It has been reported that up to 80% of paid insurance claims for wind turbine damage, on and offshore, have been due to lightning strikes. Salt laden air is also not as healthy for this equipment as dry mountaintop air.

Despite the complexity involved, the per kilowatt cost of wind powered electricity continues to drop. Every year. Part of that is due to improvements in science and efficiencies of scale from individual parts suppliers and builders/erectors. Other factors, according to one study, will be a drop in operating costs, increased capacity, increased design life and even lower financing costs as risk factors drop.

On the commercial side, a utility scale wind generator is one that is at least 100 KW. Modern offshore units are beyond that and must be economical to offset the capital costs of installation. The first U.S offshore units off Block Island were each 6 MW. The proposed farm off the coast of Virginia will have a capacity that varies by the source of the information. There is mention of 188 towers but various figures on total output make the rating per tower vary from 6 to 14 MW.

For comparison, the Borssele III and IV farms off the Netherlands, put into operation in 2021, have seventy-seven 9.5 KW Vesta units.

There is a forecast that by 2026 the United States will have an offshore wind turbine capacity of 5.3 GW from the current level of 4,200 GW. Difficult to believe.

For those who want to learn more about wind farms and installation, try these websites:

This first is a bit dated, from 2019, but gives a lot of statistics: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/77411.pdf

This one is an amazing blog by an experienced wind farm project manager. It is not about offshore but his various entries cover the true “nuts and bolts” of wind farm installation: https://www.windfarmbop.com/

As a follower of doveryai, no proveryai, (trust but verify) for those who might wonder if Edison was really talking about green energy 100 years ago, this is what I found: https://quoteinvestigator.com/2015/08/09/solar/

Knowledge about offshore wind farms is of interest to most of us in the marine industry. But DLS Marine has been getting deeper involved.

Our drone inspection program has been accepted by ABS and by lenders and lessors. With our Norfolk office near the Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind (CVOW) project, we are working with our exclusive partners, DroneUp, for drone inspections of wind farm towers, starting with experimental inspections of the two test towers currently in operation.

More details on these inspections and the DLS/DroneUp partnership will be coming out in a few weeks.

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Anthony J. “Tony” Anselmi - Hull & Machinery Surveyor - DLS Marine

Anthony J. “Tony” Anselmi

Hull & Machinery Surveyor

Areas of Expertise:

  • Hull and Machinery
  • Damage Surveys
  • Condition Surveys
  • Trip in Tow/Trip Under Own Power Suitability Surveys
  • On/Off Charter Surveys

Education:

  • B.A. – Political Science – Nicholls State University
  • NAMS Certified Marine Surveyor
  • USPAP and ME 201 – American Society of Appraisers

Background:

Anthony started his maritime career on shrimp trawling vessel working with his grandfather at the age 15. While studying at Nicholls State University, Anthony worked for Danos & Curole during the summers and breaks as a rigger/roustabout working at shoreside facilities between Galliano and Port Fourchon, Louisiana. Anthony joined DLS in May 2024. Anthony brings seventeen years of marine surveying experience working on a variety of inland and offshore vessels/barges and is a Certified Marine Surveyor with the National Association of Marine Surveyors. Anthony is based in Louisiana and accepts assignments in hull and machinery damage surveys, condition surveys for financial, insurance and pre-purchase purposes, on/off hire surveys, trip in tow/trip under own power surveys, damage claims review, and salvage monitoring.
tanselmi@dlsmarine.com
Matt McDaniel DLS Marine Survey and Appraisal

Matt McDaniel

Hull & Machinery Surveyor

Areas of Expertise:

  • Hull and Machinery
  • Damage Assessment and Repairs
  • Condition
  • Inspections
  • Project Management

Memberships / Professional Certification:

  • NAMS-CMS

Background:

Matt began marine surveying in 2014 and has experience with damage causation, reviewing transit plans, new construction, cargo transfers, salvage operations, on/off charters, and general condition surveys. He joined the Hull & Machinery department at DLS in 2019.

mmcdaniel@dlsmarine.com
Charles Sterling - DLS - UAV Supervisor | Digital Inspection Manager

Charles Sterling

UAV Supervisor | Digital Inspection Manager

Areas of Expertise:

  • Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles & ROV’s
  • Digital Inspections
  • Computer Technology

Professional Certifications:

  • AS, Computer Information Systems
  • BS, Information Technology
  • FLIR Infrared Training Institute

Certified Specialist in Caterpillar diesel engines to include:

  • CFR Part 107
  • Level 1 sUAS Thermographer
  • Microsoft Certified System Engineer

Background:

Charles joined the firm in 2024, after managing an enterprise drone service provider based in New Orleans. He also teaches basic and advanced UAV class at Delgado Community College. Charles has extensive experience planning, flying complex missions in the Industrial, Chemical and Oil & Gas industries.

csterling@dlsmarine.com

Ave P. Boudreaux

Marine Surveyor

Areas of Expertise:

  • Hull and Machinery
  • Project Management Supervisor (QC) – overseen numerous construction and delivery schedules for vessels
  • Extensive knowledge of U.S. Coast Guard and ABS rules and regulations for vessel construction and repair

Education:

  • Rolls-Royce Z-Drive Failure Analysis Seminar
  • Flex-Core and Aluminum Welding Course
  • Extensive training in engine, gear, and shaft alignment
  • Extensive training in vessel repair and new construction

Memberships / Professional Certification:

  • NAMS-CMS

Background:

Mr. Boudreaux has 15 years experience with offshore supply vessels, crewboats, and anchor handling tugs. During this time, he served 8 years in vessel repair and new construction, 3 years in vessel operation and logistics, and 4 years as a vessel port captain.

Mr. Boudreaux served over 3 years as a marine surveyor performing numerous types of surveys in the marine industry prior to joining DLS.

 aboudreaux@dlsmarine.com

Norm Laskay - DLS Marine Valuation

Norman F. Laskay

Of Counsel

Mr. Laskay joined Stickney, Dufour & Associates, Inc. in 1988 as a partner. He is now of Counsel. He became a Marine Surveyor in 1974, having gained prior experience in steamship agency, bulk cargo handling and vessel operations. He has been involved in many aspects of marine surveying including hull, machinery and cargo, both inland and ocean. Since becoming an Accredited Senior Appraiser of commercial marine equipment, he has been active with the American Society of Appraisers’ International Machinery and Technical Specialties Committee. He has written a comprehensive exam for the Commercial Marine Appraisal specialty and has written a 30-hour course for the American Society of Appraisers on appraising commercial marine vessels and yachts and is the lead instructor.

Areas of Expertise:

  • Commercial Marine Appraisal
  • Hull Damage and Repair
  • Cargo Loading, Securing and Trip in Tow Preparation

Education:

  • Maine Maritime Academy Graduate
    B.S. in Marine Transportation
  • Continuing education credits in Law, Appraisal, Marine Survey, and Diesel Repair.

Professional Certification/Memberships:

  • NAMS Regional Board of Directors Member 1989-1994
  • American Society of Appraisers – Chapter Treasurer 1991-1994
  • American Society of Appraisers – Chapter President 1994-1995
  • Mark Twain Club (Charter Member)
  • Machinery and Technical Specialties International Committee 1995-Present

Publications

  • The Journal of the International Machinery & Technical Specialties Committee of the American Society of Appraisers “TUGBOAT DESIGN 101” Vol 13 No. 2 Fall 1996
  • The Journal of the International Machinery & Technical Specialties Committee of the American Society of Appraisers “KEEPING AN EYE ON YOUR MARINE ASSET” Vol 13 No. 3 Winter 1996
  • Marine Money, The Ship Finance Publication of Record “ASSET BASED APPRAISAL:, Vol. 21, No. 3, May/June 2006 Wrote the chapter on Marine Asset Appraisal for the American Society of Appraisers text book: “VALUING MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF APPRAISING MACHINERY AND TECHNICAL ASSETS” Second Edition. In 2008, revised the chapter for the future Third Edition and wrote an accompanying Work Book section.

Email: nlaskay@dlsmarine.com

  

Harry Ward President DLS Marine

Harry Ward

President

Harry Ward is the President of Dufour, Laskay & Strouse, Inc. Harry is a US Navy veteran and has spent much of the past decade in the maritime industry in sales, finance and general management. He has extensive experience in asset and business valuation and is working to maintain DLS leadership in marine appraisal and survey for another 50 years. Harry is a graduate of the US Naval Academy and served as a helicopter pilot and survival instructor through multiple tours of duty. He has an MBA from San Diego State University.

Areas of Expertise:

  • Fleet and Vessel Appraisals
  • Marine Business Valuation
  • Transaction Support – Due Diligence
  • Transaction Support – Marine M&A Advisory
  • Digital Inspection – Marine and Offshore Wind

Education:

  • U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD – 1991, Bachelor of Science
  • San Diego State University, San Diego, CA – 1999, MBA with emphasis in Finance

Licenses and Professional Associations

  • FINRA Licenses, Series 63 and 79 (Investment Banking)
  • American Society of Appraisers, AM
  • Certified Exit Planning Advisor, CEPA (Business value assessment and strategy development